Isandulelo
I-Graphite iwumthombo-wamaminerali ensimbi obalulekile onezici ezihlukile ze-dual metallic nezingezona{1}}zensimbi. Yaziwa "njengensiza yamasu esekela ukuthuthukiswa{3}}kwezobuchwepheshe obuphezulu ngekhulunyaka lama-21" futhi sekuyisikhathi eside ihlonishwa ngokuthi "igolide elimnyama". I-graphite ephezulu-yokuhlanzeka isho i-graphite enokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni engaphezu kuka-99.99%. Ihlanganisa{9}}ukuzigcoba okuhle kakhulu, amandla aphezulu, ukuqhutshwa kahle kukagesi, i-asidi/i-alkali/ukugqwala/ukushisa, i-coefficient enwetshiwe ephansi, ukuzinza kwamakhemikhali okuvelele, ukusebenza kokuvala okuphezulu, kanye nesakhiwo esifana nesakho. Isetshenziswa kabanzi kwezobunjiniyela bakagesi, i-metallurgy, ezokuvikela kazwelonke, i-aerospace, amandla, imboni yamakhemikhali neminye imikhakha. Ikakhulukazi, idlala indima ewujuqu nebalulekile ezimbonini ezisafufusa njengokulungiswa{12}}kwezinto zesizukulwane sesithathu semiconductor, imboni yenuzi, nemboni ye-photovoltaic, enomthelela{13}}ofinyelela kude emnothweni waseShayina.
1. Izakhiwo ze-Graphite Ore
I-graphite iyiminerali eyakhiwe ngezinto ze-carbon, umbala omnyama ogqamile one-metallic luster kanye ne-anisotropy. Ubuningi bayo buyi-2.09-2.23 g/cm³, indawo encibilikayo i-3850 degree, indawo yokubilisa i-4250 degree, umthamo wokumunca ukushisa 6.9036 × 10⁷ J/kg, okubonisa ukuzinza okuhle kakhulu kokushisa.
2. {1}I-Graphite Ehlanzekile Ephakeme
2.1I-Natural High-I-Graphite Ehlanzekile
Ngokuya ngezinto ezingavuthiwe nezindlela zokuzilungiselela,{0}}i-graphite emsulwa ephezulu ingahlukaniswa ibe yimvelo ephezulu{1}}i-purity graphite kanye ne-synthetic high{2}}i-purity graphite.
I-graphite yemvelo ephezulu-ehlanzekile isetshenziswa kakhulu emikhakheni ehlukahlukene ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwayo okuhle kakhulu kukagesi kanye ne-thermal, njengezinto eziphikisayo,-ama-rust coatings, ama-carbon electrode, amajeneretha, okothambisa, nezinto ezivikelayo embonini yenuzi. I-synthetic high-graphite ehlanzekile, ene-morphology efanayo kanye nokusabalalisa usayizi wezinhlayiyana, isetshenziswa kuma-anode abhakiwe ngaphambilini, i-graphite ekhethekile, imboni yenuzi nezinye izinkambu. Izindlela zokulungiselela-ze-graphite ehlanzekile ziyahlukahluka ngezinto ezisetshenziswayo ezihlukile.
Ayikho i-graphite emsulwa emvelweni. I-graphite ore ivamise ukuqukatha ukungcola okufana ne-SiO₂, Al₂O₃, FeO, CaO, P₂O₅, CuO, evame ukuba khona njengamaminerali afana ne-quartz, i-pyrite, i-carbonate, kanye nezingxenye zegesi ezihlanganisa amanzi, i-asphalt, i-CO₂, i-H₂, i-CH₄, kanye. Ngakho-ke, ukuhlaziywa kwe-graphite kudinga ukunqunywa kokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni engaguquki kuphela kodwa futhi nendaba eguquguqukayo kanye nokuqukethwe komlotha. Izinqubo zokuhlanza i-graphite zihlose ukususa ngempumelelo lokhu kungcola. Lapho i-graphite iphezulu ukuhlanzeka (okungukuthi, ukuphakama kwekhabhoni), inani layo liphezulu futhi iba banzi nobubanzi bayo bokusebenza.
Ukulungiswa -kwe-graphite ehlanzekile evela ku-graphite yemvelo ngokuvamile kuhilela ukuhlanzwa okuyinhloko kwe-graphite ore ngokuntanta, ukuhlanzwa okwengeziwe kwe-flotation concentrate nge-alkali{{1}indlela ye-asidi noma indlela ye-hydrofluoric acid, futhi ekugcineni kutholwe{2}}imikhiqizo ye-graphite ehlanzekile{3}}ngendlela ye-chlorination ephezulu noma indlela yokushisa ephezulu{4}.{4}
2.2 I-Synthetic High-I-Graphite Ehlanzekile
I-synthetic graphite ngokuvamile ibhekisela ezintweni ze-graphite ezikhiqizwa ngokusebenzisa-ikhwalithi ephezulu ye-petroleum coke ne-pitch coke njengama-aggregate, okwengeza i-coal tar pitch njenge-binder nezinye izinsimbi, okulandelwa uchungechunge lwezokwelapha{1}}eziphakeme ze-graphitization. Ngokuvamile, izinto zokusetshenziswa ziphathwa kuqala bese zifakwa endaweni ekhethekile-yereactor yokushisa ephezulu ukuze i-graphitization ihlanzwe. Izinhlobo zesithando somlilo eziyinhloko zifaka i-Acheson graphitization furnaces, i-graphitization furnaces yochungechunge lwangaphakathi, kanye neziko zikagesi ze-graphitization eziqhubekayo. Izinga lokushisa eliphezulu-eliphezulu esithandweni graphitize i-petroleum coke ne-pitch coke, futhi igesi ye-halogen yethulwa ukuze isabelane nokungcola, okube sekwenziwa igesi bese kushiswa ukuze kutholwe{7}}i-graphite emsulwa.
Nakuba ingxenye yokungcola kwe-petroleum coke ne-pitch coke ingasuswa ngesikhathi-izinga lokushisa eliphezulu libalwa ekukhiqizeni{1}}i-graphite ehlanzekile yokwenziwa ephezulu, kunezidingo ezicacile zokuqukethwe kwesulphur nomlotha ezintweni ezingavuthiwe ze-petroleum coke. Ngokusetshenziswa okwandayo -kuwoyela ongahluziwe wesulphur ephezulu,{4}}i-coke ye-sulphur petroleum coke ephezulu nayo iyakhula. Ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nemfuneko ephansi-ye-sulphur coke ye-petroleum coke yokwenziwa okuphezulu{7}}ukukhiqizwa kwe-graphite ehlanzekile, osolwazi abaningi benze{8}}ucwaningo olujulile ngezinqubo eziphusile nezisebenzayo ze-petroleum coke desulfurization.
Ukuhlanzeka kwe-graphite kunquma ukusebenza kwesevisi kanye nezici eziphelele zemikhiqizo yokucubungula i-graphite deep-. Ukuhlanzeka okuphezulu, inani lesicelo liphezulu. Ngokwesibonelo:
I-graphite njengento ye-anode yamabhethri e-lithium-i-ion idinga ukuhlanzeka okungaphezu kuka-99.98%;
I-graphite yemvelo yedayimane yokwenziwa yokwenziwa idinga ubumsulwa obungaphezu kuka-99.999%, ngokuqukethwe kwe-boron ngaphansi kuka-0.01×10⁻⁶;
I-graphite ekhethekile ye-aerospace, ukuvikela izwe, kanye nemboni yenuzi idinga ubumsulwa obungu-99%~99.99% noma ngaphezulu;
Impushana yegraphite ukuze kuhlanganiswe-amawafa e-semiconductor SiC esithathu adinga ukuhlanzeka okufika ku-99.9995% noma ngaphezulu.
Ukuhlanzwa kwe-graphite kuyisisekelo sokulungiselela zonke izinto ze-graphite kanye nodaba oluvamile ekuthuthukisweni kwezinto ze-graphite. Izinqubo zokuhlanzwa kwe-graphite ngokusetshenziswa okuphansi kwamandla, umthamo omkhulu, nokungcoliswa okuphansi yizo okugxilwe kuzo ku-R&D yamanje.
3. I-Graphite Purification Technologies
3.1 Indlela Yokuntanta
Ngokusebenzisa ukuntanta okuhle kwe-graphite yemvelo, izinqubo ze-flotation ezinokugeleza-okuningi kwesiteji zidizayinelwe ukuhlukanisa i-flake graphite noma i-microcrystalline graphite kumaminerali ahlobene njenge-kaolin, i-quartz, ne-mica ku-graphite ore yemvelo. Lobu buchwepheshe bungacebisa kakhulu insimbi yemvelo ye-graphite ngebanga elingaphansi kuka-20% libe yi-graphite concentrate enobumsulwa obungu-95%, obusetshenziswa kakhulu njengempahla eluhlaza ekukhiqizeni{4}}i-graphite ehlanzekile yemvelo.
3.2 I-Alkali-Indlela Ye-Acid
Inqubo yokuhlanza ihlanganisa ukuhlanganiswa kwe-alkali kanye ne-acidolysis. Ekuhlanganisweni kwe-alkali, ukungcola ku-graphite okufana ne-Al₂O₃, Fe₂O₃, SiO₂, MgO, CaO isabela nge-NaOH kumazinga okushisa aphezulu ukuze kwakhe{1}}ama-insoluble hydroxides amanzi; okunye ukungcola (isb., i-SiO₂) kukhiqiza amanzi{4}imikhiqizo encibilikayo, ekhishwa ngokucwiliswa kwamanzi nokuwashwa. Ku-acidolysis, i-graphite nama-hydroxides ngemva kokuhlanganiswa kwe-alkali kuhlanganiswa ne-hydrochloric acid ye-concentration ethile yokuvuza okushisayo, kuguqule kube ama-chloride ancibilikayo abese agezwa ngamanzi. I-graphite -emsulwa ephezulu enobumsulwa obungaphezu kuka-99% ingatholakala ngemva kwe-acidolysis.
Njengamanje, indlela ye-alkali-ye-asidi isetshenziswa kakhulu embonini, ngezinzuzo ezifana nokutshalwa kwezimali-kwesikhathi esiphansi, izinga eliphezulu, kanye nokuvumelana nezimo eziqinile. Nokho, futhi inezihibe ezihlanganisa{3}}isidingo esiphezulu sokubala izinga lokushisa, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphezulu, isikhathi eside sokusabela, ukugqwala okukhulu kwemishini, ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kwe-graphite, nokungcoliswa okukhulu kwamanzi angcolile.
3.3 Indlela Yokugazinga Nge-Chlorination
Cishe i-1000 degree, igesi ye-chlorine yethulwa ku-graphite. Ngokusebenzisa indawo eqinile ye-oxidizing ye-chlorine, ukungcola kwe-metal oxide ku-graphite kufakwa i-oxidized ibe ama-chloride anamazinga okushisa aphansi e-gasification. Ngaphansi kwalokhu kushisa, ama-chloride ensimbi angafakwa ngokushesha futhi akhishwe ngobuningi, eqaphela ukuhlanzwa kwe-graphite.
Ukugazinga kwe-chlorine ngokuvamile kusetshenziswa njengenqubo eyengeziwe yokuhlanza i-graphite, ukuhambisana nezinye izinqubo, futhi kunezinzuzo ezisobala ikakhulukazi ekususeni ukungcola kwensimbi. Kodwa-ke, ubuthi, ukugqwala kanye nokungcoliswa kwemvelo kwe-chlorine kuvimbela ukuthandwa kwale nqubo ngezinga elithile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunzima ukukhiqiza i-ultra-high{3}}i-graphite ehlanzekile, futhi isistimu engazinzile iphinde ibe nomthelela ekusebenzeni kwayo.
3.4 Indlela ye-Hydrofluoric Acid
Ukungcola kwe-ore eluhlaza kuhlangana ne-hydrofluoric acid ukuze kukhiqizwe-amanzi e-soluble fluoride nama-fluorosilicates, asuswa ngokugezwa ngamanzi ukuze athole{1}}i-graphite yebanga eliphezulu.
Izinzuzo eziyinhloko zendlela ye-hydrofluoric acid ukusebenza kahle kokukhipha ukungcola okuphezulu, izinga eliphezulu lomkhiqizo, umthelela omncane ekusebenzeni kwe-graphite, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphansi. Ububi ukuthi i-hydrofluoric acid inobuthi obuphezulu futhi iyagqwala, idinga izinyathelo eziqinile zokuvikela ukuphepha ekukhiqizeni, kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali okuphezulu kokuvikela imvelo kunciphisa kakhulu ukuncintisana kwayo kwezomnotho.
3.5 High{1}}Indlela Yokuhlanza Izinga lokushisa
Ngokusekelwe kumgomo wokuthi i-graphite inendawo yokubilisa ephezulu kuyilapho okunye ukungcola kunamaphoyinti aphansi okubila, i-graphite yemvelo enokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni okungaba ngu-80% ifakwa esithandweni sokuhlanza esingu-1500℃ukuze igasify futhi isuse{2}}ukungcola okubilayo okuphansi. Bese ingena esithandweni somlilo ku-25002800℃ukususa ukungcola okwengeziwe, futhi ekugcineni isithando somlilo ku-2800I-3200℃enamagesi afanelekile e-HF ne-HCl. Lawa magesi aphendula{2}}ngokungcola okuphezulu kwensimbi abilayo ezingeni lokushisa eliphezulu ukuze kwakheke -ama-fluoride abilayo aphansi nama-chloride, afakwa igesi futhi akhishwe. Ngale ndlela, i-graphite yemvelo ihlanzwa ibe ngu-99.99% ~ 99.9998% okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni.
Izici eziyinhloko ezithinta ubumsulwa be-graphite zifaka ikhwalithi yezinto ezingavuthiwe, ukuhlanzeka kwe-graphite crucible, indlela yokushisa ye-graphitization, nosayizi wezinhlayiyana ze-graphite. Le nqubo inezidingo eziphezulu zokuhlanzeka kwempahla eluhlaza, ubuhle bezinto ezibonakalayo kanye nobuchwepheshe bemishini, esetshenziswa kakhulu amandla kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu. Ngakho-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwayo kwamanje kunomkhawulo, ikakhulukazi emikhakheni ekhethekile efana ne-aerospace, ukuvikela izwe kanye nemboni yenuzi enezidingo zekhwalithi ephezulu kakhulu yegraphite.
3.6 Indlela Yokuhlanzwa Kwegesi yeHalogen
Izicelo zezimboni{0}}ezisezingeni eliphezulu (isb, imboni ye-semiconductor) zidinga ukuhlanzeka kwe-graphite ngaphezu kuka-99.999%, okungenakufezwa{4}}ngokuhlanza izinga lokushisa eliphezulu kuphela. Imboni ngokuvamile isebenzisa indlela yokuhlanza igesi ye-halogen (ebizwa nangokuthi ukuhlanzwa ngokomzimba). Ngokukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa kwesithando somlilo kanye ne-vacuum degree, okunye ukungcola emikhiqizweni ye-graphite kuyashintshashintsha ngokuzenzakalelayo. Ngokunye ukungcola okudinga amazinga okushisa aphakeme, amagesi e-halogen (ikakhulukazi i-chlorine nama-halogenated hydrocarbons) awaguqula abe ama-halide anamaphuzu aphansi ancibilikayo nabilayo. Ngaphansi kwesenzo esihlanganisiwe, ukungcola kuyasuswa ukuze kufezwe ukuhlanzwa kwe-graphite.
4. Izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-High-Graphite Yokuhlanzeka
4.1 Izinto Zokuthambisa
Njengenye yezinto zokuthambisa eziqinile ezivamile, ukwakheka kwe-graphite kuyinikeza-izakhiwo zokuzigcoba. Ngaphansi kokucindezelwa okucindezelwayo nokushear ngesikhathi sokungqubuzana okomile nezinsimbi, izingqimba zegraphite ziyashelela, zenze ifilimu elincanyana lokudlulisa i-graphite endaweni yokungqubuzana kwensimbi ngemicroscope. Ngakho-ke, i-coefficient ye-friction eyomile phakathi kwegraphite nensimbi iphansi kunaleyo ephakathi kwezinsimbi, okuyenza ibe yinto evamile yokuzithambisa-.
Izinsimbi kumapheya ensimbi-e-graphite friction ngokuvamile ahlanganisa 45# steel, 40Cr steel, stainless steel, cast iron, copper alloy, njll. Ukungqubuzana nokuguga kwamapheya e-graphite{4}}kuhlobene eduze nohlobo nezici zezinto zensimbi. Ukunciphisa ukungqubuzana nokuguga phakathi kwamapheya okushayisana kwemishini kuyindlela eyinhloko yokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle nempilo yesevisi yezingxenye eziwumshini. Ukutadisha imithelela yomthwalo, izinga lokushisa, isivinini sokuslayida, i-surface morphology kanye nokuthungwa kusiza ukunweba impilo yesevisi yamapheya e-graphite{7}}ensimbi.
4.2 Izinto Zokuvala
I-graphite enwetshiwe ingacutshungulwa ibe yigraphite evumelana nezimo ngemva-kokwelashwa, nge-coefficient ephansi yokunweba okushisayo (1×10⁻⁶~30×10⁻⁶ K⁻¹). Ayibi brittle noma iqhekeke emazingeni okushisa aphansi, futhi ayithambeki noma inyakaze emazingeni okushisa aphezulu.
Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinto zokuvala zendabuko (i-asbestos, irabha, i-cellulose nezinhlanganisela zazo), i-graphite eguquguqukayo inebanga lokushisa elibanzi lesevisi (i-200 ~ 450℃emoyeni). Ngakho-ke, i-graphite eyandisiwe isetshenziswa kabanzi njengezinto zokuvala emishini, i-metallurgy, imoto, ukwakhiwa kwemikhumbi, i-petrochemical neminye imikhakha.
4.3 Ilangabi{1}}Izinto Ezingasebenzi
I-graphite eyandisiwe ingahlanganiswa nama-polymers, ama-resin, njll. ukuze kukhiqizwe izinto ezingashi. Esimeni somlilo, i-graphite enwebekayo inweba ngokushesha ukuze yakhe ungqimba olunwetshiwe olufaka ukushisa okushisayo endaweni yezinto ezibonakalayo, ihlinzeke ngokufaka ukushisa okuhle kakhulu futhi ivimbele ukukhishwa kwamagesi anobuthi.
4.4 Izinto Ezihlanganisiwe ze-Electrode
I-graphite enwebekayo isetshenziselwa ukulungisa izinto ezihlukahlukene zebhethri ye-electrode ngenxa yendawo yayo ephezulu esebenzayo, ukuzinza okuphezulu kwamakhemikhali, ukuhamba kahle kwe-thermal kanye nogesi, nokulungiselela kalula. Isakhiwo sayo esizinzile sikhawulela ngempumelelo ukunwetshwa kwevolumu yezinto zokwenziwa kwe-electrode (isb, kumabhethri e-Li/S noma e-Li/Si) ngesikhathi sokuhamba ngebhayisikili, ukuthuthukisa impilo yomjikelezo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, isikhala esikhulu se-interlayer segraphite enwebekayo sinikeza isikhala esengeziwe sokuhlanganisa i-Li⁺, Na⁺, Mg²⁺, Zn²⁺ kumabhethri{0}}esibili e-ion ensimbi (i-lithium-i-ion, i-sodium{2}}ion, i-magnesium{3}}i-ion, i-zinc{4}i-enhation ye-battery ye-zinc), amandla okugcina amandla e-zinc I-graphite enwebekayo ingasetshenziswa futhi njengempahla ye-electrode yama-supercapacitor.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlanganisela ze-graphite ezinwetshiwe ezine-polymer matrix azisindi,{0}}zibiza kancane futhi kulula ukuzibumba. Izakhiwo zikagesi zingashintshwa kabanzi ngokushintsha umthamo we-graphite eyandisiwe.
4.5 Ezendabuko Neziphezulu-Ezokukhiqiza
Ama-electrode ensimbi kanye nezimboni ezitholakalayo ziyizinkambu ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ze-graphite, ikakhulukazi ezisetshenziselwa ukuncibilikisa ama-electrode nokumboza ukubunjwa kwensimbi, ithusi, i-aluminium nezinye{0}}izinsimbi ezingenayo insimbi. Isidingo se-graphite ekukhiqizeni ipensela sihlala sizinzile.
Izinto ze-graphite zinesakhiwo esilula, ukunakekelwa-okungagugi, ukuthwala okukhulu-umthamo wokuthwala nomthelela onamandla wokumelana nomthelela, futhi asetshenziswa kakhulu{2}}ezingxenyeni zemishini emikhulu kumandla enuzi, amandla kagesi, i-aerospace nezinkundla zempi.
4.6 Izinto Zamandla Enuzi
I-graphite yamandla enuzi isetshenziswa kakhulu kumongo{0}}wegesi epholile-epholile, njengamapayipi, ama-elementi kaphethiloli kanye nezingxenye zokusekela. Ama-bearings nama-guide bearings kumaphampu amakhulu enuzi ase-Russia asebenzisa kakhulu i-siliconized graphite. I-graphite inokusebenza okuhle kakhulu kwe-nuclear futhi ivame ukusetshenziswa njengomengameli kanye nesibonisi kuma-reactors.
4.7 Izisetshenziswa zeSemiconductor
Emkhakheni we-semiconductor, imikhiqizo ye-graphite isetshenziswa kakhulu-kuzinto zokusebenza zokwelapha ukushisa okunezinga lokushisa eliphezulu njengeziko lokukhula kwekristalu, iziko le-carbonization kanye neziko le-graphitization.
Imikhiqizo -ehlanzekile ye-graphite ephezulu-yesizukulwane sesithathu semiconductor silicon carbide (SiC) ihlanganisa ama-graphite crucibles, ama-heaters kanye nempushana yokukhula kwekristalu, ukuhlanzeka kwayo okunquma ikhwalithi yamakristalu e-SiC. Ukuhlanzwa kwegraphite ephezulu kanjalo-okuhlanzekile kusebenzisa izindlela-zekhemikhali, ezidinga ubumsulwa Okukhulu noma okulingana no-99.9995%, okunemikhawulo eqinile ekungcoleni komuntu ngamunye (isb., B Ngaphansi noma elingana no-0.05×10⁻⁶, Al Ngaphansi noma elingana no-10.⁶×5).
4.8 Izinto Zedayimane Zokwenziwa
Okwamanje, i-single-idayimane eliyikristalu lihlanganiswa ngokuyinhloko yindlela Ephezulu-Yokucindezela Okuphezulu{2}}I-Temperature (HPHT) kanye nendlela ye-Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD). I-CVD isebenzisa i-hydrogen{4}}equkethe amagesi (i-methane, i-hydrogen, njll.), okuholela ekungcoleni kwe-hydrogen kanye nengcindezi kumakristalu edayimane. Idayimane le-HPHT elinama-alloys endabuko njengama-catalysts liqukethe ukungcola okuthile kwensimbi, okwenza ukuhlanganiswa kwedayimane "elihlanzekile{7}elicwengekile" kube nzima kakhulu futhi kube inselele.
Recent breakthroughs in static ultra-high pressure technology have enabled direct synthesis of diamond from graphite under extreme P-T conditions (>I-15 GPA, i-2000 degree). Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinjalo, i-graphite ishintsha ibe idayimane ngokushesha, ikhiqize amasentimitha{3}}osayizi we-polycrystalline aggregate nokuhlanzeka okuphezulu.
Isiphetho
Izinhlobo eziyinhloko ze-graphite ezisetshenziswa e-China zihlanganisa-i-purity graphite ephezulu, i-isostatic pressing graphite, i-graphite enwebekayo, i-fluorinated graphite, i-colloidal graphite ne-graphene. Ukuthuthukisa ukuhlanzeka kwe-graphite kuyimfuneko evamile phakathi kwayo yonke imikhiqizo ye-graphite{2}}eyisisekelo kodwa eyinselele.
Njengoba isidingo -se-purity graphite ephezulu ezinkambini{1}}zobuchwepheshe siqhubeka sikhula futhi nezimfuneko zokuhlanzeka ziba ziqinile, ubuchwepheshe obuhlobene busesigabeni esibalulekile esilindele impumelelo.
