Izihlungi ze-graphite ziyizinto ezisebenzayo ezakhiwe nge-graphite njengento eyinhloko futhi ehlanganiswe nezinye izithako ezisizayo. Zisetshenziswa kabanzi ekuvaleni uphawu, ekugcobiseni, ekuphatheni kukagesi, nasekumelaneni nokugqwala. Ukusebenza kwawo okuyisisekelo kuncike ngokuyinhloko ekwakhiweni nasekulinganiseni kwezingxenye zazo eziyinhloko, ikakhulukazi ikhwalithi yegraphite ngokwayo kanye nezithasiselo ehlanganiswa nazo.
I-Graphite: Ingxenye Eyinhloko Yokugcwalisa I-Graphite
I-graphite iyingxenye eyinhloko yezigcwalisi ze-graphite, ngokuvamile ezihlanganisa u-60% kuya ku-95% wokwakheka sekukonke, nengxenye ethile kuye ngezidingo zohlelo lokusebenza. Kokubili i-graphite yemvelo neyokwenziwa ingasetshenziswa njengezinto ezingavuthiwe, kepha ama-microstructures awo kanye nezakhiwo ziyahlukahluka. I-graphite yemvelo (njenge-flake graphite) inesakhiwo sekristalu esinezingqimba esinamabhondi e-interlayer abuthaka, okwenza kube lula ukucwebezela, okuphumela ekuzigcobiseni okuhle kakhulu{4}. Ngokuphambene, i-synthetic graphite (efana-nezinga eliphezulu lokushisa calcined petroleum coke{7}i-graphite esekelwe) ngokuvamile ihlanzekile futhi inokuqukethwe okungcolile okuphansi, okuyenza ifanelekele izinhlelo zokusebenza ezidinga ukuqina kwamakhemikhali okuqinile.
Izakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu ze-graphite ziyenza ibe isigcwalisi esiyinhloko:
1.
Ukuzigcoba ngokwakho-: Izendlalelo ze-graphite zishelela kalula phakathi kwezinye, zehlisa ukuguga ngaphansi kokungqubuzana okomile noma{1}}izimo eziphansi zokuthambisa.
2.
Ukumelana Nokushisa Okuphezulu: I-graphite ingasebenza ngokuzinza ifike cishe ku-450℃emoyeni ngisho nangaphezulu kuka-3000℃kugesi engasebenzi.
3.
Ukuzinza Kwekhemikhali: I-Graphite ikhombisa ukumelana kahle nemithombo eminingi yamakhemikhali, ngaphandle kwama-acid oxidizing aqinile (njenge-nitric acid egxilile ne-sulfuric acid).
4.
I-Conductivity: I-Graphite ine-conductivity ye-elekthronikhi enhle kakhulu, iyenza ifanelekele ukubekwa uphawu kwe-conductive noma izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-antistatic.
Izithako Ezisizayo: Ukhiye Wokuthuthukisa Ukusebenza Sekukonke
Nakuba i-graphite iyingxenye eyinhloko, izigcwalisi ze-graphite ezihlanzekile zivame ukubhekana nezidingo zezimo zokusebenza eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ngakho-ke, izithako ezisizayo zivame ukungezwa ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kwazo. Izithako ezijwayelekile ezisizayo zihlanganisa:
1. Izibophezelo (njengama-resin, amarabha, noma ama-oxide ensimbi)
Izibophezelo zithuthukisa amandla emishini kanye nokwakheka kwezihlungi ze-graphite, zizenze zifaneleke kumasu ahlukahlukene okucubungula (njengokubumba, ukukhipha, noma ukufakwa ngaphakathi). Ngokwesibonelo:
• Ama-resin binders (njengama-phenolic resins nama-epoxy resins): Andisa ubulukhuni besigcwali kanye nokumelana namakhemikhali, okuwenza afanelekele ukuvaleka okumile.
• Izibophezelo zenjoloba (ezifana nerabha ye-nitrile ne-fluororubber): Thuthukisa ukuguquguquka nokusebenza kokuvala okuguquguqukayo, okufanelekile ukuphindaphinda noma ukujikeleza.
• Ama-Metal oxides (afana ne-zinc oxide ne-aluminium oxide): Thuthukisa ukuqhutshwa kwe-thermal kanye{0}}nokumelana nezinga lokushisa eliphezulu.
2. I-reinforcing fibers (njenge-carbon fibre, i-glass fibre, ne-aramid fibre):
Ukuze uthuthukise amandla emishini kanye nokumelana nokugqoka kwama-graphite fillers, imicu yokuqinisa ivame ukungezwa. Ngokwesibonelo:
• I-Carbon fiber: Ihlanganisa amandla aphezulu -nokumelana nezinga lokushisa eliphezulu, kulungele-izinga lokushisa eliphezulu{2}}nezindawo zokuvala{2}}ezinomfutho ophezulu.
• I-Glass fiber: Izindleko eziphansi futhi ithuthukisa ukungezwani kwezinyembezi kwesigcwalisi.
• I-Aramid fiber: Inikeza ukumelana nokugqokwa okuphezulu kakhulu namandla aqinile, afanele izimo zokusebenza ezidlulele.
3. Izithambisi Eziqinile (njenge-Molybdenum Disulfide ne-Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE))
Kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza-zokulayisha okuphezulu noma eziphansi{1}}ze-speed friction, i-graphite ingase inganikezi ukuthambisa okwanele, ngakho-ke amanye ama-lubricant aqinile ayangezwa:
• I-Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS₂): Ukusebenza okuhle kakhulu ngaphansi kwamazinga okushisa aphezulu kanye nemithwalo ephezulu, evame ukusetshenziswa ngokuhlanganiswa negraphite.
• I-Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE): Ine-coefficient ephansi kakhulu yokungqubuzana futhi ifanele ukuvala izinhlelo zokusebenza ezidinga ukungqubuzana okuphansi.
Ukulungiswa Kokwakheka Kwezigcwalisi Ezikhethekile Ze-graphite
Ukwakhiwa kwama-graphite fillers kungalungiswa ukuze kuhambisane nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezahlukene:
• Ukugqwala-Ama-Graphite Filler Angazweli: Izimpushana zensimbi ezifana ne-nickel nesiliva ziyengezwa ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukumelana ne-asidi ne-alkali.
• Ama-Graphite Fillers: Ukuhlanzeka kwe-graphite kuyanda futhi i-powder yethusi noma i-carbon nanotubes yengezwa ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza.
• High-Purity Graphite Fillers: High-purity (>I-99%) i-synthetic graphite isetshenziselwa ukunciphisa ukungcola, ukuhlangabezana nezidingo ze-semiconductor kanye nezimboni zenuzi.
Izihlungi ze-graphite ngokuyinhloko zakhiwe nge-graphite, nokusebenza okuthuthukisiwe ngokuhlukaniswa kwesayensi kwezinto ezisizayo njengama-binders, ama-reinforcing fibers, nezinto zokugcoba eziqinile. Ukusebenza kokugcina kuncike ohlotsheni lwe-graphite (yemvelo noma yokwenziwa), ubumsulwa bayo, nokukhethwa kwezingxenye eziyinhlanganisela. Ngokuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe bezimboni, ukwakheka kwezigcwalisi ze-graphite kuzothuthukiswa nakakhulu ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo eziqinile ze-aerospace, izimboni zamandla namakhemikhali, kanye{2}}nemishini ephezulu.
